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What is the easiest way to get the url a link redirects to?

I have a number of urls that redirect to other ones and I would like to find the address of the links they redirect to. For example,

https://stlouisfed.org/fomcspeak/thomas-barkin/2019/04/apr-speech-a-practitioners-perspective-on-the-productivity-slowdown

redirects to

https://www.richmondfed.org/press_room/speeches/thomas_i_barkin/2019/barkin_speech_20190404

I tried using the requests library like so:

import requests

url = "https://stlouisfed.org/fomcspeak/thomas-barkin/2019/04/apr-speech-a-practitioners-perspective-on-the-productivity-slowdown"

def get_redirected_url(url: str) -> str:
    r = requests.get(url)
    return r.url

get_redirected_url(url)

But I’m running getting the error below. Any idea what might be going wrong?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Error                                     Traceback (most recent call last)
/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/urllib3/contrib/pyopenssl.py in wrap_socket(self, sock, server_side, do_handshake_on_connect, suppress_ragged_eofs, server_hostname)
    487             try:
--> 488                 cnx.do_handshake()
    489             except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError:

/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/OpenSSL/SSL.py in do_handshake(self)
   1933 
-> 1934         :param addr: A remove address
   1935         :return: What the socket's connect_ex method returns

/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/OpenSSL/SSL.py in _raise_ssl_error(self, ssl, result)
   1670 
-> 1671     def set_tlsext_host_name(self, name):
   1672         """

/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/OpenSSL/_util.py in exception_from_error_queue(exception_type)
     53                 text(lib.ERR_reason_error_string(error)),
---> 54             )
     55         )

Error: [('SSL routines', 'tls_process_server_certificate', 'certificate verify failed')]

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

SSLError                                  Traceback (most recent call last)
/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py in urlopen(self, method, url, body, headers, retries, redirect, assert_same_host, timeout, pool_timeout, release_conn, chunked, body_pos, **response_kw)
    669             # Make the request on the httplib connection object.
--> 670             httplib_response = self._make_request(
    671                 conn,

/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py in _make_request(self, conn, method, url, timeout, chunked, **httplib_request_kw)
    380         try:
--> 381             self._validate_conn(conn)
    382         except (SocketTimeout, BaseSSLError) as e:

/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py in _validate_conn(self, conn)
    977         if not getattr(conn, "sock", None):  # AppEngine might not have  `.sock`
--> 978             conn.connect()
    979 

/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py in connect(self)
    361 
--> 362         self.sock = ssl_wrap_socket(
    363             sock=conn,

/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py in ssl_wrap_socket(sock, keyfile, certfile, cert_reqs, ca_certs, server_hostname, ssl_version, ciphers, ssl_context, ca_cert_dir, key_password, ca_cert_data)
    385         if HAS_SNI and server_hostname is not None:
--> 386             return context.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=server_hostname)
    387 

/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/urllib3/contrib/pyopenssl.py in wrap_socket(self, sock, server_side, do_handshake_on_connect, suppress_ragged_eofs, server_hostname)
    493             except OpenSSL.SSL.Error as e:
--> 494                 raise ssl.SSLError("bad handshake: %r" % e)
    495             break

SSLError: ("bad handshake: Error([('SSL routines', 'tls_process_server_certificate', 'certificate verify failed')])",)

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

MaxRetryError                             Traceback (most recent call last)
/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/requests/adapters.py in send(self, request, stream, timeout, verify, cert, proxies)
    438             if not chunked:
--> 439                 resp = conn.urlopen(
    440                     method=request.method,

/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py in urlopen(self, method, url, body, headers, retries, redirect, assert_same_host, timeout, pool_timeout, release_conn, chunked, body_pos, **response_kw)
    725 
--> 726             retries = retries.increment(
    727                 method, url, error=e, _pool=self, _stacktrace=sys.exc_info()[2]

/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/urllib3/util/retry.py in increment(self, method, url, response, error, _pool, _stacktrace)
    445         if new_retry.is_exhausted():
--> 446             raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, error or ResponseError(cause))
    447 

MaxRetryError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='stlouisfed.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /fomcspeak/thomas-barkin/2019/04/apr-speech-a-practitioners-perspective-on-the-productivity-slowdown (Caused by SSLError(SSLError("bad handshake: Error([('SSL routines', 'tls_process_server_certificate', 'certificate verify failed')])")))

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

SSLError                                  Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-126-5a66b7870cb5> in <module>
----> 1 get_redirected_url(url)

<ipython-input-125-d2cc1a52d8fa> in get_redirected_url(url)
      1 def get_redirected_url(url: str) -> str:
      2 #     url = urljoin("https://stlouisfed.org/", url)
----> 3     r = requests.get(url, timeout=10)
      4     return r.url
      5 

/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/requests/api.py in get(url, params, **kwargs)
     73 
     74     kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)
---> 75     return request('get', url, params=params, **kwargs)
     76 
     77 

/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/requests/api.py in request(method, url, **kwargs)
     58     # cases, and look like a memory leak in others.
     59     with sessions.Session() as session:
---> 60         return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
     61 
     62 

/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/requests/sessions.py in request(self, method, url, params, data, headers, cookies, files, auth, timeout, allow_redirects, proxies, hooks, stream, verify, cert, json)
    531         }
    532         send_kwargs.update(settings)
--> 533         resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
    534 
    535         return resp

/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/requests/sessions.py in send(self, request, **kwargs)
    644 
    645         # Send the request
--> 646         r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
    647 
    648         # Total elapsed time of the request (approximately)

/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/requests/adapters.py in send(self, request, stream, timeout, verify, cert, proxies)
    512             if isinstance(e.reason, _SSLError):
    513                 # This branch is for urllib3 v1.22 and later.
--> 514                 raise SSLError(e, request=request)
    515 
    516             raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)

SSLError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='stlouisfed.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /fomcspeak/thomas-barkin/2019/04/apr-speech-a-practitioners-perspective-on-the-productivity-slowdown (Caused by SSLError(SSLError("bad handshake: Error([('SSL routines', 'tls_process_server_certificate', 'certificate verify failed')])")))

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Answer

I reproduced your issue with the following code:

import requests
url = "https://stlouisfed.org/fomcspeak/thomas-barkin/2019/04/apr-speech-a-practitioners-perspective-on-the-productivity-slowdown"
def get_redirected_url(url):
    r = requests.get(url)
    return r.url
get_redirected_url(url)

And the root cause is the server stlouisfed.org doesn’t provide the right certificate chain, the L1K intermediate certificate is missing. You can confirm it by checking https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest/analyze.html?d=https://stlouisfed.org/

To solve/workaround it on your side (client-side), I found 2 options:

  1. you can change url = “https://stlouisfed.org/fomcspeak/thomas-barkin/2019/04/apr-speech-a-practitioners-perspective-on-the-productivity-slowdown” to url = “https://www.stlouisfed.org/fomcspeak/thomas-barkin/2019/04/apr-speech-a-practitioners-perspective-on-the-productivity-slowdown” as the www.stlouisfed.org certificate chain is valid.
  2. you can add the missing certificate L1K into your certificate trust file: first, download the certificate from https://tls-observatory.services.mozilla.com/static/certsplainer.html?id=1439 2nd, update your certificate trust file, in my centos 7, I need to add a new file called l1k.pem into /etc/pki/ca-trust/source/anchors with the content mentioned in step1, and then run command update-ca-trust; then confirm the certificate is added in file /etc/pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt.

With either option, the redirected URL can be returned.

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